How to Build a Human

How to Build a Human

A BBC series on the building blocks of our biology and the role of Stem Cells in the process of our creation. How our ability to use Stem Cells can change the medicine of tomorrow and the truly remarkable possibilities that Stem Cells hold.

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จับประเด็นสำคัญของเรื่อง ( Main Ideas of this story)

1.เป็นผลงานวิจัยของนักพันธุวิศวกรรมศาสาสตร์ ที่พบความลับของ ดีเอ็น เอ ซึ่งควบคุมรหัสพันธุกรรมของมนุษย์
2.พวกเขาพยายามจะสร้างชิ้นส่วนมนุษย์ขึ้นมาใหม่เพื่อทดแทนอวัยวะที่สูญเสียไป
3.ในอนาคตมีบางคนกลัวว่าพวกเขาจะสร้างมนุษย์พันธุ์ใหม่ขึ้นมาแทนที่พวกเรา แต่ปัจจุบันเขาสามารถสร้างทายาทของพวกเราในมดลูกเทียมได้แล้ว

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How to Build a Human – Creation 1 (BBC)

How to Build a Human – Creation 2(BBC)

How to Build a Human – Creation 3(BBC)

How to Build a Human – Creation 4 (BBC)

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Adult Stem Cells and Regeneration

This lecture by Dr. Nadia Rosenthal discusses the importance of adult stem cells in the tissue maintenance, development and regeneration. Part 1 of 6.

HHMI description:
Mature organisms have stem cells of various sorts, called adult stem cells. Adult stem cells supply cells that compensate for the loss of cells from normal cell death and turnover, such as the ever-dying cells of our skin, our blood, and the lining of our gut. They are also an essential source of cells for healing and regeneration in response to injury. Some animals, such as sea stars, newts, and flatworms, are capable of dramatic feats of regeneration, producing replacement limbs, eyes, or most of a body. It is an evolutionary puzzle why mammals have more limited powers of regeneration.

Researchers are interested in pinpointing where adult stem cells reside and in understanding how flexible adult stem cells are in their ability to produce divergent cells such as muscle and red blood cells. Understanding the sources and the rules for the differentiation of adult stem cells is essential for tapping their therapeutic potential. Since consenting adults can provide adult stem cells, some people think that adult stem cells may be a less controversial area of research than embryonic stem cells.

Adult Stem Cells and Regeneration Part 1 of 6

Adult Stem Cells and Regeneration Part 2 of 6

Adult Stem Cells and Regeneration Part 3 of 6

Adult Stem Cells and Regeneration Part 4 of 6

Adult Stem Cells and Regeneration Part 5 of 6

Adult Stem Cells and Regeneration Part 6 of 6

Human Genome Project

โครงการจีโนมมนุษย์ (Human Genome Project, HGP)

จากการประชุมของกระทรวงพลังงาน (Department of Energy, DOE) ประเทศสหรัฐอเมริกา ในปี ค.ศ. 1985 ซึ่งแสดงถึงผลของกัมมันตรังสีระดับความเข้มข้นน้อยมากมีผลต่อพันธุกรรมของมนุษย์ในระยะยาว โดยยกโรคมะเร็งซึ่งเป็นผลกระทบจากกัมมันตรังสีในระยะยาว ในเมืองฮิโรชิมาและนางาซากิ ประเทศญี่ปุ่น ภายหลังสงครามโลกครั้งที่ 2(ในปี ค.ศ. 1945) เป็นกรณีตัวอย่าง และได้รับแรงสนับสนุนอย่างชัดเจนของ รีเนโตดูลเบกโค (Renato Dulbecco) นักไวรัสวิทยารางวัลโนเบลว่า กุญแจสำคัญที่ทำให้เข้าใจจุดกำเนิดของการเกิดโรคมะเร็งนั้น คือ ต้องทราบลำดับนิวคลีโอไทด์ทั้งหมดในจีโนมของมนุษย์ก่อน ภายหลังการประชุมของนักวิทยาศาสตร์อเมริกันที่นิวเมซิโก(New Mexico) และการประชุมของนักวิทยาศาสตร์ชั้นนำด้านพันธุศาสตร์และชีวโมเลกุล
ที่นิวยอร์ก (New York) จึงทำให้้เกิดความร่วมมือครั้งยิ่งใหญ่ในการทำแผนการหาลำดับนิวคลีโอไทด์ทั้งหมดในจีโนมมนุษย์ขึ้น

ในปี ค.ศ. 1989 รัฐบาลกลางสหรัฐอเมริกาอนุมัติเงินทุนผ่านกระทรวงพลังงาน (DOE)และสถาบันสาธารณสุข (National Institute of Health,NIH) เพื่อจัดตั้งศูนย์แห่งชาติสำหรับการวิจัยจีโนมมนุษย์ (the National Center for Human Genome Research,NCHGR) ทำหน้าที่ศึกษาลำดับนิวคลีโอไทด์ของจีโนมมนุษย์ในกำหนดเวลา 15 ปี ตั้งแต่ปี ค.ศ.1990-2005 โดยมีเจมส์ วัตสัน (James Watson) ผู้ค้นพบโครงสร้างดีเอ็นเอร่วมกับฟรานซิส คริก (Francis Crick) เป็นผู้อำนวยการคนแรก

ต่อมาในปี ค.ศ. 1992 วัตสันลาออกจากผู้อำนวยการ และเคร์ก เวนเตอร์ (Graig Venter)มีปัญหาเรื่องการจดสิทธิบัตรบางส่วนของยีนทำให้เวนเตอร์ลาออกจากสถาบัน สาธารณสุขของสหรัฐอเมริกามาตั้งสถาบันใหม่ ชื่อ สถาบันวิจัยจีโนม (The Institute of Genomic Research, TIGR) ในมลรัฐแมรี่ี่แลนด์ (Maryland) TIGR สามารถถอดรหัสเชื้อแบคทีเรีย ก่อโรคเยื่อหุ้มสมองอักเสบ Haemophilus influenzae ขนาดจีโนม 1.8 ล้านเบสได้สำเร็จโดยใช้้เทคนิคการหาลำดับเบสแบบสุ่มทั่วจีโนม (whole-genome random shotgu sequencing) ซึ่งค้นพบโดยเวนเตอร์ในปี ค.ศ. 1991 และพบว่า จีโนมของเชื้อ H.influenzae ประกอบด้วยยีน 1,740 ยีน

ในปี ค.ศ. 1993 ฟรานซิส คอลลินส์ (Franscis Collins) เข้ามารับตำแหน่งผู้อำนวยการ NCHCR แทนวัตสัน และในปี ค.ศ. 1996 ประเทศอังกฤษ ฝรั่งเศส เยอรมัน ญี่ปุ่น และจีน ได้ลงนามเข้าร่วมโครงการจีโนมมนุษย์ในข้อตกลงเบอร์มิวดา (Burmuda principles) โดยต้องแสดงลำดับเบสของจีโนมมนุษย์ในส่วนที่ประเทศสมาชิกรับผิดชอบเข้าสู่ ฐานข้อมูลสาธารณะ(public database) ภายใน 24 ชั่วโมง โดยไม่มีการปิดบังข้อมูล

ในปี ค.ศ. 1998 เวนเตอร์ ได้ลาออกจาก TIGR มาตั้งบริษัท ซีเลรา จีโนมิกส์์ (Celera Genomics) และประกาศว่า จะหาลำดับเบสของจีโนมมนุษย์ให้เสร็จสิ้นในเวลา 3 ปี ด้วยเงินทุน 300 ล้านเหรียญสหรัฐ โดยใช้เทคนิคแบบสุ่มทั่วจีโนมที่เขาคิดค้นขึ้น เทคนิคนี้ทำได้โดยตัดดีเอ็นเอในจีโนมแบบสุ่มทั่วให้เป็นสายสั้นขนาดต่าง ๆ กัน หาลำดับเบสและนำชิ้นดีเอ็นเอแต่ละเส้นมาประกอบกันโดยอาศัยความรู้ทางชีวสารสนเทศศาสตร์และ คอมพิวเตอร์ที่มีประสิทธิภาพสูงอย่างไรก็ตาม เวนเตอร์ได้ละเมิดข้อตกลงเบอร์มิดาและขายรหัสพันธุกรรมให้้กับบริษัทยาและบริษัทเทคโนโลยีชีวภาพทั่วโลก

การหาลำดับเบสในจีโนมมนุษย์เสร็จสมบูรณ์ เมื่อนักวิจัยชาวอังกฤษ ญี่ปุ่น และสหรัฐอเมริกาหาลำดับเบสบนโครโมโซมคู่ที่ 22 เสร็จสิ้นในปีเดือนธันวาคมค.ศ.1999 และนักวิจัยชาวเยอรมันและญี่ปุ่นหาลำดับเบสบนโครโมโซมคู่ที่ 21 เสร็จสมบูรณ์ในเดือนพฤษภาคม ค.ศ. 2000

หลังจากหาลำดับเบสเสร็จสิ้นแล้ว ในวันที่ 26 มิถุนายน ค.ศ. 2000 ได้มีแถลงการณ์ร่วมระหว่างองค์กรของรัฐโดยฟรานซิส คอลลินส์ และบริษัทเอกชนโดยไคร์ก วินเตอร์ โดยมีบิล คลินตัน (Bill Clinton)เป็นประธานแจ้งให้ทั่วโลกทราบความสำเร็จของโครงการจีโนมมนุษย์ และผลงานโครงการจีโนมมนุษย์ได้ตีพิมพ์ลงในวารสาร Nature ฉบับวันที่ 14 กุมภาพันธ์ ค.ศ. 2001 และในวารสาร Science ฉบับวันที่ 15 กุมภาพันธ์ ค.ศ. 2001

Source: “A History of Human Genome Project”
ในวารสาร Science เล่มที่ 291 ฉบับที่ 5507 หน้า 1195 (ฉบับวันที่ 16 กุมภาพันธ์ 2001)
> http://rmutphysics.com/charud/scibook/bio2/chapter7/project_genome.htm

Wonders of The Human Body

Explorations this time examines the marvels and mysteries of the human mind and body. From brain implants to artificial intelligence, we explore the complexity and achievements of the human mind.

Up to the age of six months babies are able to swim comfortably underwater thanks to a reflex that still puzzles scientists. Although we lose this reflex very early on, the most successful free divers can train their bodies to hold their breaths for up to six minutes. Free divers can plunge to amazing depths because they use their minds to control and over-rule their bodies natural instincts to breathe.

Now experiments are being carried out to see if we can breathe liquids whilst underwater. Perfluorocarbons carry twenty five times more oxygen than water and deliver it to the lungs three times more effectively than air. Mice have survived in the liquid for several weeks.

Once the liquid has drained away from their lungs, the mice make a complete recovery.

Part 1 > http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aw9PTVmPJAY

Part 2

Part 3

Source From BBC Explorations

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Wonders of the Human Body by Frank Sherwin

Think of a larger symphony producing the works of Mozart or Beethoven. It all begins with the individual playing his part. This is much like how our body operates with its 11 systems working in concert. Sadly, schools and the media erroneously teach that the human body is the result of “millions of years” of Darwinian evolution. No credit is given to the One who created these amazing systems designed to work as one. Consider our eye construction, the dynamic skeleton, the ability to hear the faintest sound, the brain’s amazing circuitry. The human body — a testament to our Creator’s wonderful intellect!
(Take a tour of our amazing body with its various interacting systems that could only have been designed by God)

The Nervous System – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q7Xtw-…

The Skeletal System – Created by God or Ramdomness – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WH1Tj9…

Northwest Creation Network
23208 55th Ave W.
Mountlake Terrace, WA 98043
206-465-1635
contact@nwcreation.net

List of over 200 creation videos – http://www.youtube.com/results?search…

Live broadcasting with instant message 24/7, free downloads, Ipod, and dial up – http://www.warneveryonestudios.com

Quotes by Evolutionary Scientists Against Evolution – http://www.warneveryone.com/evolution…

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Human V2.0

The Human Body

BBC: The Human Body ( 7 Parts)

The Human Body documentary is the sort of televisual undertaking that continues to justify the BBC licence fee. Presented by Robert Winston, it takes us on a journey from birth to death using time-lapse photography, computer graphics and various state-of-the-art imaging techniques to explore every aspect, every nook and crevice of the human body in its various stages of growth, maturity and eventual decay. Conception, toddlerhood, the awkward growing pains of adolescence, the incredibly complex workings of the brain (which burns up more energy than any other part of the human body, viewers of daytime TV included, apparently) and finally death are vividly depicted and explained. Winston’s lucid, avuncular tones make The Human Body accessible to an intelligent 10-year-old and ages upward, though the more squeamish viewer might baulk at scenes of food being digested, or childbirth in all its inevitable messiness. Statistics abound–the average human will eat for three-and-a-half years during his or her lifetime, eat 160kg of chocolate and spend six months on the toilet. Though heart-warming in that it shows the commonality of human experience, The Human Body is also a potentially depressing reminder of our frail physicality and mortality. However, the most moving programme here features Herbie, a cancer victim who, in agreeing to have his last moments filmed as he lies dying in a hospice, has perhaps achieved a deserved immortality through this programme

Part1of7: BBC.The.Human.”Body Life Story”

The Human Body-Life Story (1 of 5)

The Human Body-Life Story (2 of 5)

The Human Body-Life Story (3 of 5)

The Human Body-Life Story (4 of 5)

The Human Body-Life Story (5 of 5)

Part2of7:BBC.The.Human.Body.”An Everyday Miracle”

>

This episode explores, pregnancy, the statistical challenges involved getting a fertilized egg, to the physical changes that take place to accommodate the child and finally give birth, etc.

In this series, Robert Winston exposes the different stages of our growth and development, from birth to death, from a biological and personal point of view.

From fertilized egg to six trillion cells working in concert, this is an incredible journey through the most complex biological mechanism on earth. While the latest imaging techniques guide the viewer through veins, down fallopian tubes and around the brain, this groundbreaking series also explores the human drama born of this microscopic world. Presented by Robert Winston, a medical scientist and leading commentator on medical matters, The Human Body takes you into one of the most alien worlds imaginable…

Part3of7:BBC.The.Human.Body “First Steps”
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Part4of7:BBC.The.Human.” Body Raging Teens”
>

Part5of7:BBC.The.Human.Body”Brain Power “
>

Part6of7:BBC.The.Human.Body.”As Time Goes By”
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Part7of7:BBC.The.Human.Body.”The End of Life”
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Human Body
Starring: Robert Winston (Pres/Narr)

Directed by: Richard Dale, Emma De’ath, Andrew Thompson, Peter Georgi, Christopher Spencer, Liesel Evans, John Groom

From fertilised egg to six trillion cells working in concert, this is an incredible journey through the most complex biological mechanism on earth. While the latest imaging techniques guide the viewer through veins, down fallopian tubes and around the brain, this groundbreaking series also explores the human drama born of this microscopic world. Presented by Robert Winston, a medical scientist and leading commentator on medical matters, The Human Body takes you into one of the most alien worlds imaginable…

The Cell

The Cell

In a three-part series, Dr Adam Rutherford tells the extraordinary story of the scientific quest to discover the secrets of the cell and of life itself. Every living thing is made of cells, microscopic building blocks of almost unimaginable power and complexity. “I am normally not a lover of scientific docu’s but this one I found I had to watch all 3 parts back to back”.

Part One: The Cell (BBC) “The Hidden Kingdom.”

The first part explores how centuries of scientific and religious dogma were overturned by the earliest discoveries of the existence of cells, and how scientists came to realize that there was, literally, more to life than meets the eye.

Part 1/6 > http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AeygTtDx2W8

Part 2/6 > http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3emmlXcV-MU

Part 3/6 > http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8_sy48eHnc4&feature=related

Part 4/6 > http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LqM_UQ3Gvfo&feature=related

Part 5/6 > http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9h_SwVmILA&feature=related

Part 6/6 > http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qpd4Dyn_sok&feature=related

Part Two: The Cell (BBC) “The Chemistry of Life.”

This episode explores how scientists delved ever deeper into the world of the cell, seeking to reveal the magic ingredient that can spark a bundle of chemicals into life. Their discoveries have brought us to the brink of being able to create life for ourselves.

Part Two (1 of 6) > http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y3u_GDIj7RI&feature=related

Part Two (2 of 6) > http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CQNvOI-zV_E&feature=related

Part Two (3 of 6) > http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8f0QYwpcYPI&feature=related

Part Two (4 of 6) > http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R_DMK9oDdJw&feature=related

Part Two (5 of 6) > http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L4BOJBYUBoU&feature=related

Part Two (6 of 6) > http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d77z43SiS3g&feature=related

Part Three: The Cell (BBC) “The Spark of Life”

The final part reveals how our knowledge of cells has brought us to the brink of one of the most important moments in history. Scientists are close to repeating what has happened only once in four billion years – the creation of a new life form.

Part Three (1 of 6) > http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XD78U5HIh7U&feature=related

Part Three (2 of 6) > http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZLRZLaMAtjw&feature=related

Part Three (3 of 6) > http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PYFPZftByZ0&feature=related

Part Three (4 of 6) > http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iQWecbRrXTA&feature=related

Part Three (5 of 6) > http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gb62uxR0Ym0&feature=related

Part Three (6 of 6) > http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i4ZoBUJDO84&feature=related

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16.Personalized Medicine

16. Personalized Medicine

Coinciding with the substantial progress in the Human Genome Project in the late 1990s, a new term emerged as a prediction of the future of the pharmaceutical industry: personalized medicine. Personalized medicine reaffirms the confidence of the new predictive sciences, or -omic technologies, in regards to the tremendous clinical impact they will command. The theory of personalized medicine
involves the collection and analysis of a patient’s genotype as indication to predict disease pathogenesis, disease progression, patient response to medication/therapy, and possibly even recommendations for certain preventative measures. Pharmaceutical companies are then expected to provide chemother-
apies synthesized specifically for the indicated patient population or perhaps single individuals.

This concept of personalized medicine is doomed by
(1) the expectations of pharmaceutical companies to undergo such a dramatic paradigm shift
from production of blockbuster drugs to tailor-made therapeutics and
(2) the unavoidable inherent costs of the FDA regulatory compliance process (i.e.,drug discovery, preclinical and clinical trials) that is currently estimated to be 8 to 12 years and $800 million–plus!

Unfortunately, to invest such time and money to benefit such a small patient population or individual is not a reasonable proposition.Other approaches to personalized medicine may have more potential for
generating clinical success. As mentioned before, advancements in digital health may provide access to an incredible amount of raw patient data, through which global data-mining opportunities may offer extraction of trends with significant clinical relevance. Physicians may use computational algorithms to predict clinical outcomes for specific patients through the comparative analysis of enormous patient populations presenting with similar medical histories who have received different treatment strategies. Personalized medicine in this approach allows physicians to tailor make, or customize, medical treatment for patients based upon the successful administration of similar therapies given to representative patient populations. This theory of personalized medicine does not require pharmaceutical companies to dramatically alter their business models and also gives rise to a new sector of sophisticated data-mining medical device systems.

Advancements in biomedical nanotechnology may also influence future personalized medicine doctrine. A novel nanoinspired personalized medicine approach could utilize computation mathematical models and imaging modalities to offer pathophysiologically relevant patient information regarding numerous
physical features (i.e., vascular diameter and tortuosity, tumor vascular fenestration size, blood flow dynamics, etc.) for the development of nanotechnology drug delivery strategies. The multistage drug delivery strategy described previously is a perfect example. Rational design algorithms could be applied to predict the optimal design of particle vectors to control their ability to navigate within the microvasculature to seek diseased endothelial cells. A physiologic snapshot produced by contemporary medical imaging modalities could then provide the physical parameters to output personalized treatment options. The appropriate vectors could then be chosen from combinatorial libraries of FDA approved vectors and drugs; assuming of course that at that time, numerous particle vectors and drugs are available.

15.Regenerative Medicine

15.Regenerative Medicine

The concept of regenerative medicine inspires visions of futuristic clinical scenarios where damaged or diseased tissues and organs are not treated with therapeutics, but surgically replaced! Such an approach would ideally suit the global phenomenon of increased life expectancies where significantly large
patient populations are suffering from age-related “wear and tear” conditions,such as arthritis, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular disease. The role of regenerative medicine, also referred to as tissue engineering, in the medical device industry is somewhat confusing. The FDA classifies medical products as either biological, drug, or medical device; regenerative medicine products fall within the gray area between biologics and devices. For clarification, the FDA has designated commercially available Carticel ? (autologous cultured chondrocytes) as “biological” since the cartilage repair product comprising living cells. With that being said, Apligraf? (living, bi-layered skin substitute) is classified as a “device” due to the perception that it functions as a type of “bandage” despite also being composed of living tissue. Most artificial organ strategies will be categorized as devices based upon their construction around ynthetically engineered tissue scaffolds. For clarification, the prospect of stem cells will not be considered in this prospectus since the technology intuitively falls under the biological category, although future cross-over products that will function as devices is highly probable. The clinical and economic impact of stem cell research has yet to be elucidated due to the ethical and political implications that are inherent to this controversial technology.

The promise of regenerative medicine offers the potential to provide engineered organs and tissue that mimic natural biological systems without prejudice or with minimal response from a patient’s immune system; obvious areas of interest include: organ transplants, improved joint and limb replacements,
revascularization of veins and arteries, and cosmetic repair surgeries. More than 89,000 US patients are on the organ transplant waiting list; 17 of those die perday while waiting for available vital organs: hearts, livers, kidneys,pancreas,lung, or bone marrow.

The emergence and growth of the industry in recent years serve as positive indications for the future outlook. Between 1985 and 2002, the number of regenerative medicine companies globally peaked at 90-plus with a cumulative revenue of $100 million to $150 million (USD).

Since then, the number of companies has risen to 150-plus, generating a cumulative revenue of $300 million to $400 million.Although these figures do not provide great evidence of an explosive new sector of the medical device industry,one must consider the implications of developing products regulated under such extremely strict efficacy and safety guidelines.

12.Neuroengineering :

12. Neuroengineering :

In the world of science there are always new and more advanced technologies introduced on an ongoing basis. A very popular topic of interest today is called neuro-engineering. Moving our brains beyond the connection it has to the body and extending its limitations by the use of computers is the idea behind neuro-engineering (Singer, 2007). A computerized brain chip that could make things happen with just thinking it. How could this ever be possible? The research that has been done thus far has proven that at a biological level, it can be done and is being done. As always, advances in such technologies have their pros and cons. We are no where near ready to begin experimenting with this type of technology but, extensive research has already proven that there are many possibilities. These possibilities could better the quality of life in humans.

How It Works
The more popular technology researched in the field of neuro-ngineering is Brain-Computer Interfacing. In one-way BCI, computers either accept commands from the brain or send signals to it (for example, to restore vision) but not both (Gibb, 2004). Two-way, BCI would allow brains and external devices to exchange information in both directions but have yet to be successfully implanted in animals or humans.

There are two major levels these interfaces apply to: peripheral, which are prosthetic limbs, and neural, where a specific computer chip is placed into contact with the brain. “A recent breakthrough in brain-interfacing described research in which monkeys controlled a robotic arm with thought alone” (Gibb, 2004).
What It Solves
Neural engineering is a discipline that uses engineering techniques to understand,repair, replace, enhance, or treat the diseases of neural systems. Neural engineers are uniquely qualified to solve design problems at the interface…
Source:http://www.oppapers.com/essays/Neuroengineering/192618

11.BIOMEDICAL OPTICS AND LASERS:

11.BIOMEDICAL OPTICS AND LASERS:

Medical Optics: Focus on medical diagnostics and medical optical technology. This track interfaces with optics, physics and electrical engineering.

10.Bioelectric Phenomena :

10.BIOELECTRIC PHENOMENA :

Bioinstrumentation/Bioelectrical Systems: Focus includes medical devices, modeling of biological systems, in particular circuit analogies to the nervous system, bioelectric phenomena and signal processing. This track interfaces with electrical engineering.